Intervención educativa para mejorar la prescripción de ceftriaxona en un servicio de urgencias / Educational intervention to improve ceftriaxone prescription in an emergency department

Objetivo: Evaluar prevalencia y adecuación de ceftriaxona tras una intervención educativa en un servicio de urgencias.Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental que incluyó un mues-treo consecutivo de consultas no programadas de pacien-tes adultos, durante dos meses preintervención y posin-tervención. Dicha intervención consistió en capacitación a médicos para limitar su indicación sólo a situaciones clínicas específicas (meningitis, enfermedad pélvica infla-matoria y abdomen agudo). Se utilizaron datos retrospecti-vos, con adicional revisión manual de historias, para validar adecuación de inicio antibiótico y apropiabilidad de droga. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y analítica.Resultados: De un total de 28.570 consultas, 512 recibie-ron ceftriaxona (1,79%; IC95% 1,64-1,95), y sólo 60,54% se hospitalizaron. En cuanto a la comparación antes-después, se observó una reducción en la tasa de uso (de 3,66% a 0,63%; p<0,001), la adecuación en el inicio de un antimicro-biano se mantuvo (de 84,52% a 86,21%; p=0,778), aunque la adecuación de ceftriaxona aumentó en forma significativa (de 41,78% a 84,00% respectivamente; p<0,001). Adicional-mente, se redujo el tiempo de estadía hospitalaria (media-na de 6 a 5 días; p=0,014), sin diferencias en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (19,44% vs 17,24%; p=0,691), ni en la mor-talidad a los 30 días (23,41% vs 18,96%; p=0,464).Conclusiones: Esta intervención resultó eficaz. Los hallaz-gos representan un paso fundamental en los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos hospitalarios, que apuntan a reducir su sobreutilización y la consecuente resistencia.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and appropriateness of ceftriaxone after an educational intervention in an emergency department.Methods: Quasi-experimental study, which included a consecutive sampling of unscheduled consultations of adult patients, during 2 months pre-intervention and post-intervention. The intervention consisted of training physicians to limit its indication only to specific clinical situations (meningitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and acute abdomen). Retrospective data were used, with additional manual chart review, to validate appropriateness of antibiotic initiation and drug appropriateness. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used.Results: Among 28570 visits, 512 received ceftriaxone (1.79%; 95%CI 1.64-1.95), and only 60.54% were hospitalized. Regarding the before-after comparison, we observed a reduction in the rate of use (from 3.66% to 0.63%; p<0.001), the appropriateness in starting an antimicrobial was maintained (from 84.52% to 86.21%; p=0.778), and the appropriateness of ceftriaxone increased significantly (from 41.78% to 84.00% respectively; p<0.001). Additionally, hospital length of stay was reduced (median 6 to 5 days; p=0.014), with no difference in in-hospital mortality (19.44% vs 17.24%; p=0.691), nor in 30-day mortality (23.41% vs 18.96%; p=0.464)

Intoxicación por monóxido de carbono: estudio observacional de pacientes que acudieron a Urgencias durante 2020 / Carbon monoxide poisoning: an observational study of patients admitted to Emergency Department during 2020

El objetivo fue describir las intoxicaciones monóxido de carbono. Se diseñó un corte transversal que incluyó una muestra consecutiva de mediciones de carboxihemoglobina (COHb), realizadas Enero y Diciembre 2020 en la Central de Emergencias del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se utilizaron bases secundarias y revisión manual de historias clínicas para recolección de varia-bles de interés. Durante el período de estudio hubo 20 pacientes confirmados, con media de 50 años (DE 20), 55% sexo masculino, 20% tabaquistas, y una única embarazada. El 70% correspondieron al trimestre Junio-Julio-Agosto. La fuente de intoxicación más frecuente se debió a accidentes domésticos (calefón, estufa, brasero, hornalla, salamandra) que representaron el 50% de los casos, 30% por incendios, y el 20% restante explicado por tabaco o factor desconocido. Los estudios de laboratorio más solicitados fueron: 95% recuento de glóbulos blancos, 85% glucemia, 70% CPK, y 55% troponina. Los hallazgos relevantes fueron COHb con mediana de 7.15%, CPK con mediana de 89 U/mL, y troponina con mediana de 8.5 pg/mL. La totalidad se realizó electrocardiograma: 15% presentaron arritmia como hallazgo patológico, y ninguno isquemia. En cuanto la presentación clínica: 30% presentó cefalea, 15% síncope, 15% coma, 10% mareos y 10% convulsiones. Sólo 25% tuvieron tomografía y 15% resonancia de cerebro, sin hallazgos críticos. Sin embargo, 15% fueron derivados para trata-miento con cámara hiperbárica. La mayoría ocurrieron en invierno y explicados por accidentes domésticos. Será necesario un fortalecimiento del rol preventivo que apunte al control de la instalación y el buen funcionamiento de artefactos, como mantener los ambientes bien ventilados (AU)

The objective was to describe carbon monoxide poisoning. A cross sectional was designed, which included a consecutive sample of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) measurements, carried from January to December 2020 at the Emergency Department of tHospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Secondary databases and manual review of medical records were used to collect variables of interest. During the study period there were 20 confirmed patients, with a mean age of 50 (SD 20), mostly male (55%), 20% smokers, and only one pregnant woman, 70% corresponded to June-July-August. The most frequent source of poisoning was explained to domestic accidents (water heater, stove, brazier, stove, salamander) which represented 50% of cases, 30% due to fires, and the remaining 20% by tobacco or unknown factor. The most laboratory studies were: 95% white blood cell count, 85% glycemia, 70% CPK, and 55% troponin. Meanwhile, relevant findings were carboxyhemoglobin with a median of 7.15%, CPK with a median of 89 U/mL, and troponin with a median of 8.5 pg/mL. All underwent an electrocardiogram: 15% presented arrhythmia as a pathological finding, and none ischemia. Regarding the clinical presentation: 30% presented headache, 15% syncope, 15% coma, 10% dizziness and 10% seizures. Only 25% had brain tomography and 15% MRI, without pathological findings. However, 15% were referred for treatment with a hyperbaric chamber. Most of the cases occurred in winter and explained by domestic accidents. It will be necessary to strengthen the preventive role that aims to control the installation and the proper functioning of devices, such as keeping rooms well ventilated (AU)

Medición del subtriaje como indicador de calidad y seguridad en un servicio de urgencias / Undertriage as quality of care parameter in an emergency department

Background: Undertriage or the underestimation of the urgency of the condition of a person arriving in an emergency department (ED) represents a measure of quality care. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of undertriage in a high complexity hospital of Argentina; to describe characteristics and mortality of these patients. Material and Methods: All consultations admitted to the ED during 2014 were analyzed. Those assigned to a lower level of admission risk (classified as Emergency Severity Index -ESI- 3 to 5) but required hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU) as the first hospitalization place were considered as an undertriage. A random sample of correctly categorized admissions (ESI 1 or 2), who were subsequently hospitalized in the ICU, was selected as a comparison group. Results: The global undertriage prevalence was 0.30% (316/104,832). Among patients admitted to the ICU, the prevalence was 21% (316/1,461; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 19-24). The 316 patients whose severity was underestimated had a median age of 73 years, and admitted between 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. in a greater proportion. Overall hospital mortality was 8.9% (95% CI 6.78-11.38), and all deaths occurred after the patient was transferred from the emergency room. There were no differences in mortality between patients with correct triage or undertriage (11 and 7% respectively, p = 0.09). No differences were observed either in the total number of critical interventions during care in the first 24 hours. Significant differences were observed in requirements for mechanical ventilation (11 and 4% respectively, p = 0.01), orotracheal intubation (10 and 5% respectively p = 0.01) and non-invasive ventilation (8 and 4% respectively, p = 0.05). Conclusions: Undertriage rate in this series was low, but it can be improved.

Pacientes con Influenza A subtipo H3N2 y soporte ventilatorio durante el brote estacional en una central de emergencias en Argentina / Patients with Influenza A Subtype H3N2 and Ventilatory Support During A Seasonal Outbreak in an Emergency Department in Argentina

Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con Influenza A subtipo H3N2 y requerimiento de soporte ventilatorio durante el brote del 2017, así como la evolución y los resultados clínicos. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de H3N2 durante el mes de junio 2017 con requerimientos de asistencia respiratoria mecánica invasivo, no invasivo, terapia de alto flujo por cánula nasal y/o presión continua en la vía aérea que consultaron a la central de emergencias. Resultados: Se incluyeron 34 pacientes, 52.9% hombres, media de edad 81 (DE 10) años. Las principales comorbilidades de los pacientes al ingreso fueron: 73.5% hipertensión arterial, 44.1% enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y 76.5% insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. La media del score de Charlson fue de 6 (DE 2), la mediana de APACHE II fue de 17 (IIC 14-20) y la de SOFA al día 1 de 5 (IIC 3-7). Al ingreso, 23 pacientes requirieron ventilación no invasiva, 5 presión continua en la vía aérea, 4 asistencia respiratoria mecánica invasiva y 2 terapia de alto flujo. Se registró un 47.8% (IC95% 26.8-69.4) de falla de la ventilación no invasiva y finalmente el 38.2% fueron intubados y ventilados mecánicamente. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 52.9% (IC95% 35.1-70.2). Conclusiones: se observó una alta mortalidad en una población añosa y comórbida durante el brote de H3N2. La mayoría realizó una prueba de ventilación no invasiva al ingreso, un alto porcentaje falló. El cuadro inicial pudo ser interpretado como enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica reagudizada y/o insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva.

Patients with Influenza A Subtype H3N2 and Ventilatory Support During A Seasonal Outbreak in an Emergency Department in Argentina / Pacientes con Influenza A subtipo H3N2 y soporte ventilatorio durante el brote estacional en una central de emergencias en Argentina

Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with influenza A subtype H3N2 requiring ventilatory support during the 2017 outbreak, as well as the evolution of the disease and clinical results. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort. We included all patients admitted to the Emergency Department with confirmed diagnosis of H3N2 during June 2017, requiring invasive or noninvasive mechanical respiratory assistance, high-flow nasal cannula treatment or continuous airway pressure. Results: 34 patients were included; 52.9% men, mean age 81 years (Standard Deviation [SD] 10). Main comorbidities of patients on admission were: 73.5% hypertension, 44.1% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 76.5% congestive heart failure. The mean Charlson Index score was 6 (SD 2), the APACHE II median (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) was 17 (IQR 14-20) and the SOFA median (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) on day 1 was 5 (IQR 3-7). On admission, 23 patients required noninvasive ventilation, 5 continuous positive airway pressure, 4 invasive mechanical ventilation and 2 high-flow nasal cannula therapy. The rate of noninvasive ventilation failure was 47.8% (95% CI [confidence interval] 26.8-69.4) and finally 38.2% of patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Hospital mortality was 52.9% (95% CI 35.1-70.2). Conclusions: A high mortality rate was observed among elderly patients with comorbidities during the H3N2 outbreak. Most patients underwent a noninvasive ventilation trial on admission, however a high percentage failed. The initial condition could have been interpreted as acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or congestive heart failure.